Health Care Communication Methods Essay Example for Free

Health Care Communication Methods EssayThis notice is part of an information package I, as the administrator of the Shady Pines treat Home, give be move out to two the cater here at the center and to the administrative staff of the Rolling Hills Corporation. This information will suffice facilitate the transfer of those residents here at Shady Pines that no longer fall under the prevue of the new corporate guidelines. As some of the residents exact communion issues or have no local family support, we as their care sanctifyrs need to en sure that all fifty-fiftyitys of communication are utilized to ensure a inactive relocation situation. Some of these methods will include the more(prenominal) traditional types, such as letters or phone calls to the guardians of those touch on by the relocation (Du Pr, 2005). Other methods obtainable for our use will be electronic in nature. One type of electronic communication is email (Du Pr, 2005). Social media communication types , such as texts to the guardians, will be used when all separate types of communication has failed.Each of these types of communication will also be used inwardly the Shady Pines facility, to keep all staff updated on any changes that indubitably occur and to help ease the transition as well. Communication between the staff at Shady Pines and Rolling Hills is vital also, so that any conflicts can be handled efficiently. As I mentioned before, one of the different types of communication we have available to us is what more consider the traditional format. This type includes such methods as phone calls and letters to the guardians of the residents who are on the list to be moved (Du Pr, 2005). Please make sure to verify all contact information before releasing the minimal details in either the letters or phone calls. The team needs to make all conscious effort to follow all HIPAA regulations with thesecommunications. Contact your plane section manager if you have questions before sending out the written correspondences. We need to make the letters as easy to understand as possible.Letters are more secure than some other types of interaction in that the letter is addressed to the corresponding person. We will be using interdepartmental memos for the various correspondences within the Shady Pines facility. I see more phone conversations between our center and the Rolling Hills staff as this is a faster method of staying in touch with our new sister agency. Another method we will make use of will be emailed communication. Some of the residents guardians will have left their contact information, but there again, please be sure to follow all HIPAA regulations when including personal wellness information in said emails. This type of communication is sometimes quicker than letters, depending on the persons rise to power to a computer network. Email may not be the most secure method of communication. If a person uses a Smartphone as their access shew and it is los t or stolen, then the emails and all personal health information (PHI) can be accessed by unauthorized people.The last method I mentioned fall under the social media category. Methods such as texting, or posting any type of PHI on a social media site is strictly against all HIPAA policies, both state and federal. The best our contact staff can use the text messages for is to encourage the guardian to make contact with the center on an important matter. I have plans in the works to create a specific department to handle the details of contact between both the guardians, as well as the residents affected by the potential move. I plan to follow the same guidelines that the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) have in place to manage the many different departments under the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) umbrella.According to Draper (2014), These communication mechanisms include the agencys operational planning process crosscutting workgroups and meetings and regular communications among the Office of the Administrator, leaders in the bureaus and offices, and agency staff (p. 18). victimisation these different processes will help keep everyone in the communication loop and give everyone the support needed during this merger of our two agencies. I have plans to continue this method of communication after the merger is complete to help insure the law of continuation of efficient interaction between both centers. As most of our residents are in theolder age category, we need to take particular interest in how we pass along the transfer information to those who require it. We should not discriminate on the residents ages and assume that all the affected residents will shade the same about the move to a new location (Du Pr, 2005). Every person is an individual and should be treated as such. Be thoughtful with those affected, as this will be a very traumatic experience for them.According to Du Pr, patients interpret their health within the arena most acquainted(predicate) to them everyday life (p. 116). That being said it is important to be as empathic as possible, giving the resident as much information as he or she can handle to be able to understand the changing situation. Keep in mind that many of the residents have low health literacy and will not be able to understand some types of medical terminology in context. Be careful to any stress indicators and be attentive to the feelings of those affected. I have mentioned the merger of our center with that of the Rolling Hills center. Good communication is needed to ensure that the transition from our center to the new one is a legato one.We will be using such communication methods like phone calls, letters, email, and fax to keep all merger information up to date. Contact with the guardians of the affected residents will fall under all HIPAA regulations in the matter of the PHI given out. Keep in mind the medical literacy level of the residents involved in t he move. Using the new department to keep all matters of contact organized and flowing will help increase our efficiency during this transitional period. Other information will follow listing the people who are in charge of in the transitional unit and what sections they cover. Again, if you have and questions or if any difficulties arise, please notify your department immediately.ReferencesDraper, D. A. (2014). Review of Internal Communication Mechanisms, Staffing, and Use ofContracts. Washington DC, Maryland GAO Reports. Retrieved from the University ofPhoenix Library.Du Pr, A. (2005). Communicating about health Current issues and perspectives (2nd ed).Boston, MA McGraw Hill.

My role model Essay Example for Free

My bureau model EssayTo me a role model is someone in my life that has influenced me in a positive way. They attention shape the way I am in the present and what I am going to be in the future. They are some one that I can look forward for advice in a tough situation and I know that they will give me advices with wisdom. They will never judge me on my past but only look to help because they really do care about me. Some one who I never feel gummy talking to about my problems because I know that it will not change their view of me and they will not reveal any information about me to early(a) unrelated person or someone who are nosey. A role model should be sincere and not out for thither own upright but the good of others. I think that they should be older then I am because they need to have more experience then I do and need to have a deeper insight. It would be pointless to have a role model who knows less then me.Read more My role model essayBut apart from my parents, , t eachers or very best friends like Brian Lee really do care about me a lot, there is nobody should be deserved to have a talk about, or can drag my attraction, or makes me change my personality and reach more achievements. I dont have a real one honestly, but I would be searching for him or her( You must feel surprised that why do I write such a short paragraph this time)

Porters Five Analysis: Advantages and Disadvantages

Porters Five Analysis Advantages and DisadvantagesUsefulness of the st treasuregic dumbfoundsWhy atomic go 18 moulds comm merely apply in strategic anxiety what mannequin ar, abides, usefulness, strategy making,StrategyJohnson et al. (2005, p. 9) Strategy is the armorial bearing and background intimacy of an placement over the long term which achieve advantage in a changing environs through its configuproportionn of resources and competences with the aim of fulfilling s translateholder expectation.UvodStrategic endings are long term decision based on scope of caller-ups activities make in influence to regain advantage over competitor. Johnson et al (2005, p. 10) says that such decision pee veritable characteristics. They are complex in nature, are made in condition of uncertainty. These decisions have impact on operation decisions. They require integrated approach from managers to deal with strategic worrys.Strategic decisions which are made with egress previ ous abbreviation but as some kind of individual nonions or wishful thinking are consider to be vulnerable issue. Identifying the root of strategic compend is difficult. It does not provide us with prescription of what strategy to implement. Companys strategic decisions are to a fault complex for programming. Thus, compose says that encourageing to understand issues is the aim of strategic summary not to accept answers. Model is the example for recognizing, understanding and categorising factors applicable to strategic decisions ( settle, 2008, p. 27). Models were developed in order to solve usual problems and challenges in business. The general advantage of archetype is that they mobile differences between abstraction and real practise. They pose a unused route of seeing a particular situation and resolving this situation. The common use of the mock up keep be explained by their characteristic. They are projected to solve exact problems and increase efficiency. On t he other spate no model tin pitchive that by their implication solving the problem will be hundred percents successful. They are just framework which gives understanding and options for making right decision and strike uncertainties (Assen et al, 2009). Theories, analytical nibs were not made in order to replace inventiveness or experience. Their signifi brookce lies in managing discussion, fulfilling information and opinions and prevailing communication and agreements. Managers are to a greater extent confident and effective in reacting on new circumstances and issues as they use models (Grant, 2008, p. 27). on that point are many models in strategic management which were developed on different bases in order to solve different needs. E very model focuses on various factors some are made to vista at eternal surrounding of businesses as application and market. Some models analyse inner capabilities or structure of organisation. Company chooses the models according its spec ific needs and what problem wants to solve. If the organisation wants to analyse its external environment it can use PESTE analysis. patience analysis enables managers to understand how external issues wreak familys performance and operations. When managers want to look break d aver on play alongs product range in order to take right step to the future it can use the Boston Matrix for it. This model helps play along in situation as decision making about investments to products portfolio. It guides the company what steps to take if the product is in particular stage e.g. if it star company should keep it and invest to its promotion (Keler-Silver, 1997, p. 40).In the role of core competencies model it is advised that company should switch from portfolio planning and evaluation of individual businesses to exploring the collective potentiality the whole company has. The model encourages company to stop doing activities which are not its core competencies. The confirmatory activi ties can be e.g. outsourced. By employ this model an organisation can identify and rectify the cross-company competencies. Thus it can bring new opport social unities for success in the market (Keler-Silver, 1997, p. 50).Scenario planning is strategy model based on exposing various possibilities which might happen in the future. Thus it represents a context in which managers can make decisions. As they can see a scope of possibilities they are better informed and decision are more desirely to be successful. The scenario planning is mostly used for understanding the dynamics of environment, identifying new openings, evaluating strategic alternatives and for taking long-term decisions. Managers can discover and consider the unsure sights of future (Assen et al, 2009).One of the models which consider the root of militant advantage in business is the Kays classifiable capabilities model. The model presents resource-based theory and sees a company as set of asses and capabilities. T he model helps to identify distinctive capabilities which are the core of companys success. This model provides a useful putz when company make decision about redefining its strategy. It is used to widen awareness of the sources which made company belligerent and to sustain these sources (Assen et al, 2009, p. 30).On the other hand Kare-Silver (1997) argues that the competitive environment has changed and the models are insufficient and of a suddencoming todays management. He says most of them are too theoretical, superficial and confusing and they are not complete helpful in todays environment. Further he gives the s stock-stillth criteria according to which models should be developed to take live needs. The criteria are reflecting the business realities, starting with customers, rooted and immersed in market understanding, practical, specific, load-bearing(a) a long-term view and measurable. Author adds that it is crucial for organisation in current changing conditions to r ediscover and redefine its strategy. Organisation needs to know direction in which to go and relying on strategy model is not a response.In conclusion we can say that decision making process is very challenging and requires complex view. Model provide useful tool for simplifying and mainly for making it more effective. However they do not go out the real effect will be same.Description of Porters Five Forces Model of Competitive StrategyFormulating competitive strategy necessarily needs to analyse the company inside its environment. The model is based on analysis of companys external environment. However the relevant environment is wide, the model is focus on organisations surrounding as fabrication in which it operates. industriousness structure has powerful impact on competitive direction thus it is inevitable to analyse it. Five basic competitive forces set up the competition in an industry. The strength of the forces is to drive shekels in industry in way of long term return on invested capital (Porter, 1980 p.3, 4). Next Porter says The last of competitive strategy for a business unit in an industry is to find a emplacement where it can take up defend itself against these competitive forces or can influence them in its flavour.Johnson et al. (2005, p. 78) refer to five forces as sources of competition which evaluate the attractiveness of industry. Authors give several points which company should take into account when using this model. When organisation has varied activities the framework needs to be used at the level of strategic business unit as for each of unit can be the impact of forces different. Next, it is inevitable to understand relations between five forces as swell as macro-environment factors. As forces are not separate changes within mavin force influence other forces. It is a dynamic process of shifting source of competition.According to Luffman et al. (1996) the power of Industry competitor is consider to be the most distinguishe d force of the model. Industry is in permanent change as every firm wants to success and it looks for opportunities to achieve it. Obviously, not all decisions head teacher to getting advantages some remain failure. thither are many issues which influence the competition between companies as size of the company, industry structure and concentration, product specialisation and variety of rivals. Competitive rivalry is also determined by numbers and qualities of competitors. In situation of many companies in the industry which sell nearly liken product, the firm has a low level of power. Conversely if companys product is unique, it is an enormous strength (Kilde, 2005).Buyer power poses the rate of influences of hailumer on pushing mo pull inary value down. The size or number and concentration of buyers are the most significant determinants of buyer power. Other factors include the level of information or differentiation of competitors (Karagianno et al, 2005). There are situation in which buyer power tent to grow as a low switching represent for buyer to move to other seller, when the product is not differentiated or product failure to perform its primary business. In case of trading with small number of wet buyers they break away to dictate conditions to sellers (Luffman et al, 1996).The extent to which provider drive price up, is reflected in Supplier power. The numbers of input suppliers, product specificity or switching be determine supplier strength. When company has few suppliers or choice of suppliers is narrow, the supplier power is highschool. Question here is how gentle company can change its suppliers. Grant (2005, p. 83) says that suppliers of raw materials or components are mostly small companies so their bargaining power is low while suppliers of commodities enhance their power through cartelization. Same it is with labour union. If there is a high percentage of a unionised employee within an industry their supplier power is high and c ompanys kale aptitude is lowered.Substitutes are alternatives of product so they decrease regard for product. According to the value they give to consumer their power can be higher or lover. Johnson et al. (2005, p. 78) indicate these forms of substitution product-for-product substitution, substitution of need when new product or service make previous unneeded and generic substitution means that product competes among others for consumer income to be spent on it. It reduces companys power when its product can be easily substituted.An attractive industry tempts other companies to register. Threat of new entry represents the capability of new companies to enter and be able to compete in industry. The process of entering is easier for new companies and consequently it becomes a greater nemesis for existing companies when there are no economies of scale, industry is not capital intensive, access to diffusion channels is open or there is a little protection of technology. On the oth er hand when there are strong barriers existing companies can keep their billet. Difference between new entrants and substitutes is that new entrants when successfully enter industry will go game nearly same product. Thus, it is a bigger threat to company (Luffman et al, 1996).Thompson et al (2007, p.54) describe the way of using the model for identifying the essence and strength of competitive pressures within an industry. They divided it into three steps. The first step is to make do particular competitive strengths striked to every force from the model. Secondly, evaluation of the pressures takes place. It is inborn to find out how strong they are i.e. strong, moderate, and weak. The last step is to decide the theatrical role of strengths on achieving profits.Evaluation of strengths and weaknesses of the modelPorter (2008, p.80) says this importance of the model Understanding the competitive forces and their underlying causes reveals the roots of an industrys current profit ability while providing a framework for anticipating and influencing competition over duration. He adds that effective strategic positioning can not be made without knowing industry structures. To avoid a ingrained position for evaluation of the model we look at other authors views.The most significant strength of Michael Porter Five Forces model is that it remains best cognize and commonly used model in strategic management even aft(prenominal) twenty divisions of it introduction. The simplicity is also consider to be a strength of the Five Forces model as it is easy to use and provides understandable way of market forces analysis (Kare-Silver, 1997, p. 46). According to Brandenburger (2002), the Porters Five Forces model remains to rival the scope of business strategy both in the education field and also in practise of organisations. He emphasises that the model is certainly the most know and used from competitive strategies. The footing is that it provides an obvious pictu re of important activities of firms. The model describes all movements from suppliers of resources through company to consumer. The role of company is stressed as it is the unit where value is created. On the other hand, suppliers and customers are consider to be necessary in such chain.The model provides useful information for three issues of companys planning, according to Recklies (2001). Firstly, it enables to determine the attractiveness of an industry. Consequently the model helps to make decision about entering or leaving industry. Further, its usefulness lies in comparison the impact of the competitive forces on the organization with the impact on rivals. Secondly, when company knows about the power and intensity of models forces it is able to come up with possibilities for improving its competitive position e.g. differentiation, strategic partnership. Thirdly, the author says that the model with combination with PESTE analysis which influences changes in the industries, the Five Forces model can indicates the trends within the industry. Hill and Jones (2007, p. 66) also talk about importance of microenvironment. Forces in the model are not constant because they are determined by wider macro-environment as economic, politic, social and technological forces. These have evident impact on the model forces and consecutively on the whole industry. The role of macro environment is important but it is the subject of the PESTE analysis and we will not discuss it closer.According lynch (2000, p.131) the model presents effective way of analysing the environment and it is recommended to use it as the firs step of company strategy development. He points out its real relevance as results are presented in logical and structured way. Hill and Jones (2001, p.97) see the model as very useful as it can be used to analyse character of competition within industry and for recognising opportunities and threats. Opportunities and treats represent the external part of SWOT an alysis so we can see the clear connection of Five Forces model with another(prenominal) model.Another advantage of the model is that it looks on organization and industry through a wide range of aspects which are included in the models five forces. Thus, it is arrogant approach for analysing the current situation of business and plan strategy (Oliva, 2002).For better picture of the model and to underline its strengths we look at an example of bank orbit and examine the impact of launching the Internet banking in Five Forces model context (Siaw, Yu, 2004). In the terms of threat of entry force, the Internet banking enables small banks to enter the industry. Scale benefits are distant and network of branch is less important as there is direct access to customer in more able way. Bargaining power of buyers increases as they have more choices. Switching appeal decrease because product has become more undifferentiated and standardised. As far as rivalry is concern, the differences b etween banks are smoothed as size of a bank is less important. Further providing services through the Internet is cheaper than using traditionalistic distribution channels. Internet banking increase supplier power. Banks acted as supplier before. Now they pose intermediaries which enables access to range of products and delivery channels. Switching cost are high for bank if it is dealing with big customers. Such analysis helps manager to understand how the Internet influences five competitive forces. Existing banks using the analysis hitchically can evaluate changes within the industry. Potential entrants can assess if the enter into industry will be profitable for them. Overall the analysis is useful in competitive strategy formulating (Siaw, Yu, 2004).Besides numbers of advantages the model is subject of many critiques. According Grant (2002, p. 89), the theoretical bases of the Porters Five Forces model are the most criticised by economists. furthermore doubtful theoretical fo undation, there are limitations because of static character of the model. Industry structures are considered to be stable and determinate by external forces. Grant (2002, p. 89) says that Industry structure drives intensity of competition, which in returns determines the level of industry profitability. Therefore industry structures cannot remain unchanged in dynamic process of competition. Another issue which Grant points out is missing empirical evidence of importance of industry environment for company profitability. Faulkner and Campbell (2003, p. 249) also criticise static character of the Five Forces model give tongue to that industry structures are continuously changing because of competition between firms and strategies adoped by companies within the industry. Static character of the model is also pointed out by Lynch (2000, p. 131), he says that forces are constantly changing and the moves could be more rapid than the model explain. Next critic which Lynch expresses is abo ut the buyer power. The model assumes that this aspect is as equal as others factors while he argues that buyers should be got greater importance. According to the model, the environment is viewed as a threat to a company besides some organisations see co-operation with others, especially with suppliers, very beneficial. Faulkner and Campbell (2003, p. 249) express their view to this question, too. They criticise Porters view on rivalry and competition between companies to be more essential than possible interaction as joint ventures or alliances. Lynch also questions the fact if it is sufficient for company to create its corporate strategy just after applying the Five Forces model. Further critics of model presented by Lynch consider its ignorance of human aspect of strategy. The model overlooks features as country cultures or management skills. The presumption that companys own interests are primary might not be correct for some benevolent and government institutions. Hill and J ones (2001, p. 97) reveal two weaknesses of the five forces model. The first is, as the other authors say, about its static character however they enhance their critique to disregarding the role of innovation. Innovations represent driven force of competition within the industry. As any company comes up with new product, technology or process it can gain great competitive advantage and earn profit. Another function of innovation lies in converting industry competition. As the production costs could be cut down due to e.g. new technologies, the barriers to entering the industry are removed and small companies can also access the competition. They provide example of the steel industry where after introducing technology as electric arc furnaces, the characteristic oligopoly industry became more price competitive and fragmented industry and smaller companies can also compete. Porter (2008, p.86) does not see innovation itself as a strong factor which can make industry profitable. He arg ues that often industries with low technology, high switching costs or price intensive buyers are more profitably than attractive software or information technologies ones.Because the model is static, all changes, which arise in the industry, cannot be recorded. Hill and Jones (2007, p. 66) conclude The Five Forces model is of express mail value because it represents no more than snapshots of a constantly changing situation. Thus, managers must constantly repeat industry analysis and pay attention to changes in the forces of competition. As far as the second critic is consider, same as Grant (2002, p. 89), Hill and Jones (2001, p. 97) talk about overrating the role of industry. Industry is given too much importance as the determinant of organisation profit while the differences between individual companies are neglected. Companies profit within industry varies and it has been detected that only 10% to 20% of differences is explained by industry structure. Consequently, we can say t hat companys own capacity and resources are more significant for profitability than industry in which it operates. none of company will be successful just because it is in the attractive industry. Companys strategic resources as intangible assets, brand name are critical for analysis and strategy making (Crook at all, 2003). Other authors who agree that the Porters model is completely focus on external environment rather than internal resources of a company are Faulkner and Campbell (2003, p. 249). They criticise Porters view on outside environment as a root of firms success. Their another critique consider the application of industry analysis to individual company. This might not be as successful as first thought. In spite of critics authors admit that the Porters model of industry analysis sash as one of the most significant model of strategic management even though it has been introduced twenty grades ago.Further mulctcoming of the Porters model is that it was meant for indust rial companies g.e. Coca-Cola, Ford Motors or Dell, not for knowledge based firms in field of advertising, consulting or legal. Manager of these companies bear some risk by using this tool and it is recommended to alter the model according to needs of such firms (Sheehan, 2005).Recklies in her article Porters 5 Forces (2001) indicates various criticisms. Besides acknowledgement that the model is static and it does not take into account co-operation between companies, the author gives also other critiques. As the model supposes perfect market, it has limited application in more regulated industries. The model fits the best to analyse simple market structures. In the case of complex industries with numbers of interrelations it is very complicated to analyse all five forces. On the other hand the author alerts that too narrow look on one segment in such industry can cause oversight of important factors. She concludes, as well as others authors, that the Five Forces model present a tool for managers to view the current situation of the industry in easy and understandable way and it is a practiced beginning for additional analysis.Recklies in her another article (2001) says that one of the reason for critics are todays changed economic circumstances. The model is found on the situation in the eighties. Cyclical developments, steady market structures and strong competition are typical for this time. Nowadays, technologies, the Internet and e-business application are seen in all industries and it reads industry structures. This is the reason why the model cannot be used to explicate today dynamic changes and she adds It is not advisable, if not to say impossible, to develop strategy solely on basis of Porters model.Downes realised the same trend and in the article beyond Porter (1997) he introduces three new forces digitalization, globalization and deregulation as current issues which influence businesses. The new forces are seen in business activities as they ar e moving from physical world to computerised networks. According to Downes new strategic framework and analytical tools are essential to apply. Digitalization enables firms to gain access to greatly more information than before on the other hand it pose the treat of unfamiliar and atypical competition. Due to Globalization even local companies are able to become global as logistic and communication improved. Deregulation also opens up new possibility for company e.g. restructuring, more open international market.More others authors argue that the model should be extended about another force. They have various views on what it should be. Hill and Jones (2007, p. 57) see the sixth force as complementors. Complements are considered to be determinant of demand for products thus having a satisfactory supplier affects companys profit. Attractive complemental products create value and opportunity for company within an industry. On the other hand inefficient complementors pose threat and they are cause of slow industry development and low profitability. Also Grant (2005, p. 103) see complementors as significant impact on companies competitiveness and refer to them as to the sixth force. In the case of close complements of products, products have low value separately as consumer wants the whole. Question is how the value is divided between producers. The most common the supplier with stronger market position who is able to lower the value of other complements, gets much of profits.Karen-Silver (1997, p. 46) argues while current competitive environment calls for new forces to be consider, the original core i.e. five forces be the most powerful.Porter (2008, p. 86) agrees that there are other important issue within an industry but he refers to them as to factors not forces. He presents factors like industry growth rate, technology and innovation, Government, complementary products and services. In addition he says It is especially important to avoid the common pitfall of mistaking certain viewable attributes of an industry for its underlying structure.In summary, Michael Porters models do not have the influence they used to have any more. New economic laws came up and other drivers stared to transform markets. Nevertheless, that does not mean that Porters theories became invalid. All we have to do is to apply them with the knowledge of their limitations in mind and to use them as a part of a bigger framework of management tools, techniques and theories. This approach, however, is advisable for the application of every business model brand-new or old, from Porter or from somebody else, and in every frugalityBibliographyAssen, M., Berg, G., Pietersma, P., (2009) Key Management Models The 60+ models every manager needs to know. Essex Pearson Education, UK 2nd ed.Brandenburger, A., (2002)Crook, T.R., Ketchen, D.J., Snow, C.C., (2003) Competitive Edge A Strategic Mnagement Model, .pp. 44-53Downes, L., (1997) Beyond Porter, The Context Magazine. Av ailable at http//www.contextmag.com/setFrameRedirect.asp?src=/current/archive.aspFaulkner, D., Campbell, A., (2003) The Oxford Handbook of Strategy Strategy overview and competitive strategy. Oxford (New York) Oxford University Press, USA, pp. 248-250Grant M, R., (2002) Contemporary Strategy Analysis concepts, techniques, application. Oxford Blackwell Publishers, UK, pp. 89Grant (2005) p. 83Hill, C.W.L, Jones, G.R., (2007) Strategic Management An compound Approach. 7th ed. Boston Houghton Mifflin, USA pp. 46-67Hill, C.W.L, Jones, G.R., (2001) Strategic Management An Integrated Approach. 5th ed. Boston Houghton Mifflin, USA pp. 97-98Johnson, G., Scholes, K., Whittington, R., (2005) Exploring Corporate Strategy Text and cases. 7th ed. Essex Pearson Education, UKKare-Silver, M., (1997) Strategy in Crisis Why business urgently needs a completely new approach. London Macmillan Press, UK pp.45-47Karragiannopoulos, Luffman, G., Lea, E., Sanderson, S., Kenny, B., (1996) Strategic Managemen t An Analytical Introduction. Oxford Blackwell Publishers UK, pp. 48-55Lynch, R., (2000) Corporate Strategy. 2nd ed. Essex Pearson Education, UK, pp. 124-132Oliva, A.R., (2002) A manakin for Success, Marketing Management jan/feb. pp.39 42Porter, M., (2008) the Five Competitive Forces that Shape Strategy, Harvard Business Review.Recklies, D. (2001) Porter 5 forces, Recklies Management Project GmbH, Available at http//www.techba.com/training/course2/LinkedDocuments/Porters%205f.pdfRecklies, D. (2001) Beyond Porter ACritique of the Critique of Porter, Recklies Management Project GmbH, Available at http//www.themanager.org/Strategy/BeyondPorter.htmSheehan, N.T., (2005) Why old tools wont work in the new knowledge economy, .. . 26 (4), pp. 53 60 Available at Siaw, Yu ThompsonThe Introduction and History of Dabur Nepal Pvt LtdThe Introduction and History of Dabur Nepal Pvt LtdDr. S.K. Burman set up Dabur in 1884 to produce and dispense Ayurvedic medicaments reaching out to a wide mass of people who had no access to proper treatment. Dr. S.K. Burmans commitment and ceaseless efforts resulted in the company growing from a fledgling medicine manufacturing in a small Calcutta house, to household name that at once evokes trust and reliability. There are many stores in different region and country.As a reflection of its constant efforts at achieving superior quality standards, Dabur became the first Ayurvedic products company to get ISO 9002 certification. Reinforcing its commitment to nature and its conservation, Dabur Nepal, a subsidiary of Dabur India, has set up fully automated greenhouses in Nepal. This scientific landmark helps to produce saplings of rare medicinal plants that are under threat of extinction due to ecological degradation. There are various product manufactured by this company in Nepal. Daburs Health care range brings for you a wide selection of Ayurvedic and natural products that offer complete care for varying individual needs. Our product are de rived from the time-tested heritage of Ayurveda and backed by the most modern scientific test and trials that ensure no failing quality and safety in anything you pick.The guiding force behind Daburs growth and success has been the wealth of nature and its limitless capacity to support life. And we have constantly taken care to preserve and protect this natural bounty with this boilersuit vision of and to eco-sustenance, expand Daburs resource and production base, Dabur Nepal Private limited was set up as an strong-minded Group company in 1992. This new company, set amidst the verdant greens and towering mountains of the Himalayan kingdom of Nepal, has completed a unique bond of technology and preservation.2. Introduction to Financial Ratio A financial ratio is a relative magnitude of two selected numeral value taken from an enterprises financial statements. Often used in accounting there are many standard ratios used to try to evaluate the overall financial condition of a corpo ration or other organization. Ratio may be expressed as a decimal value, such as 0.10 or given as an equivalent percent value such as 30%. Some ratio is usually quoted as percentages. Different ratio pass judgments different thing Liquidity ratios measure the availability of cash to pay debt. Active ratios measures how quickly a firm converts non cash assets to cash assets. Debt ratios measure the firms ability to fix long-term debt. Profitability ratios measure the firms use of its assets and control of its expenses to generate an acceptable rate of return.Liquid Ratios Liquidity reflects the ability of a company to meet its short-term obligations using assets that are most readily converted into cash. Assets that may be converted into cash in a short period of time are referred to as liquid assets they are listed in financial statement as current assets. Current assets are used to satisfy short-term obligations, or current liabilities. The measuring stick by which current asset s exceed current liabilities is referred to as the net working capital.Current Ratio It is used to calculate that how many short term assets a company has to meet its short term obligations.Current ratio= current assets / current liabilitiesa) 1.61 for social class 2005b) 1.81 for social class 2004As we know that higher the ratio better the company has more liquid assets to meet its short term liabilities. There were sufficient amounts of assets available to meet short term liabilities in the year 2005 which was 1.61 so there were 1.6 current assets available to meet its short term liabilities and in the year 2004 the ratio was change magnitude to 1.81 which was much better than in the year 2005. So the company had good financial status in the year 2004 than in the year 2005. dit Test Ratio The acid test ratio is also known as the liquid or quick ratio. The idea behind this ratio is that stocks are sometimes a problem because they can be difficult to sell or use.Acid Test Ratio C urrent assets- closing stock/ current liabilities0.81 for year 20051.11 for year 2004As we know that higher the acid ratio, is comparatively better. So the acid test ratio in 2005 was not sufficient to meet its current liabilities but the ratio was about 1.11 in the year 2004 which was sufficient to meet its liabilities and hence the liquid ratio in year 2004 was much better than 2005.2.2. Profitability Ratios profitability ratio compares components of income with gross revenue. They gives us an idea of what makes up a companys income and are usually expressed as a portion of each unit of sales.Primary RatioReturn on Capital Employed It is used in finance as a measure of the returns that a company is realising from its capital employed. It is commonly used as a reassure for comparing the performance between businesses and for assessing whether a business generates enough returns to pay for its cost of capital. ROCE compares earning with capital invested in the company.ROCE= PBIT/ Ca pital Employed*100%a)14.58% for year 2005b) 18.79% for year 2004This shows that ROCE in the year 2004 has more profit gained than in the year 2005.Return on Total Assets (ROTA) A ratio that measures a companys profit before interest and taxes (PBIT) against its broad(a) net assets. The ratio is considered an indicator of how effectively a company is using its assets to generate earning before contractual obligations must be paid.Return on Total Assets (ROTA) = PBIT/ Total Assetsa)0.097 for year 2005b) 0.14 for year 2004The rate of return on resume assets was better in the year 2004 in comparison with the ratio 0.097 in the year 2005 because there was more profit before interest and tax with total assets.Secondary RatioGross Profit Margin this ratio is the percentage of sales leftfield after subtracting the cost of goods sold from net sales. It measures the percentage of sales remaining available to pay the overhead expenses of the company.Gross profit margin=Gross profit/ Net sal esa) 22.1% for year 2005b) 23.9% for year 2004It was seen form the supra data that the gross profit margin in the year 2004 was better than in the year 2005 so the company had better profit margin in the year 2004.Net Profit Margin This ratio is the percentage of sales dollars left after subtracting the cost if goods sold and all expenses, except income taxes. It provides a good opportunity to compare your companys return on sales with the performance of other companies in your industry. It is calculated before income taxes because tax rates and tax liabilities vary from company to company for a wide variety of reasons. Net profit margin Net profit Before Tax/ Net sales4.7% for year 20056.5% for year 2004The ratio measure average profit on sales. The percentage net profit to sales for Dabur Nepal Pvt. Ltd was 6.5% in 2004 and 4.7% in 2005 which mean that each Rs1 sales made an average profit of 6.5 Rs in 2004 and 4.7 Rs in 2005. This shows the Net Profit margin was better in the yea r 2004.Assets overthrow It is used to calculate revenue generated per amount of long term capital invested in the business. It is used to see how effectively the long term assets are being utilized to generate the revenue. It is given byAssets Turnover= Turnover/ Capital Employed3.87 times for 20053.68 times for 2004We see the result of 3.68 times for 2004 this means that turnover is 3.68 times bigger than total assets. For the year 2005, it was even higher at 3.87 times. So the total asset turnover ratio was better in 2005 than in 2004.Activity RatioInventory Turnover Inventory turnover is a measure of the number of times is sold or used in a time period such as a year. The equation for blood line turnover is equals the cost of goods sold divided by the average inventory, inventory turnover is also known as an inventory turns, stock turns, turns. A lower turnover ratio defines overstocking a company and a higher turnover ratio indicates inadequate inventory level or less in busin ess. A lower turnover of inventory is somehow beneficial for a production company like Dabur Nepal Pvt. Ltd.Inventory Turnover=cost of goods sold/ average Inventorya)3.51 for year 2005b) 7.65 for year 2004Unit inventory turnover is better for the company, which excludes the over stocking and under stocking/ deficiency. It can be possible when cost of goods sold and turnover inventory are equal. As the year 2005 shows 3.51 times turnover inventories which were better because less amount of stock was there in this year but in the year 2004 the inventory turnover was more which was 7.65. As form definition we know less the turnover ratio better the profit gain by the company. So the companys financial status was better in 2005.Debtors Turnover It indicates the velocity of debt collection of a firm. In simple words it indicates the number of times average debtors are turned over during a year.Debtors Turnover= Debtors/ Sales*365The two basic components of accounts receivable turnover ra tio are net computer address annual sales and average trade debtors. The trade debtors for the purpose of this ratio include the amount of Trade debtors Bill Receivables. The average receivables are found by adding the opening receivables and closing balance of receivable and dividing the total by two.a)20.50 days for year 2005b) 22.17 days for year 2004Accounts receivable turnover ratio or debtors turnover ratio indicates the number of times the debtors are turned over a year. The higher the value of debtors turnover the more efficient is the management of debtors. In the yearThe debtors turnover was 22.17 days in the year 2004 in comparison with this there was 20.50 days in the year 2005 so, the company took less days to collect its debt in the year 2005 than in the year 2004. As a result the company had better financial state in 2005.ConclusionThe turnover of the company has increased by 4.69% over the previous year. The net profit after tax has reduced by 2.28% over the previou s year due to lower share margin. During the year company has invested Rs 24.65 crore on account of fixed assets. Out of which, major amount is spent towards installing a new packing machine in juice plant in flex pack and increasing cold store capacity. It has deposited off its fixed assets amounting Rs 4.51 crore during the year.Hence as a whole Dabur Nepal Pvt. Ltd has well financial status in year 2004 but all the ratios were affected by the political instability of politic in Nepal as well as by other effect of the company.Referenceshttp//www.dabur.com/EN/Investors1/Annual_reports/2004-05/Dabur-Nepal-fina-05.pdfhttp//www.bized.co.uk/compfact/ratios/ extend WorkManaging Financial Principles and TechniquesLevel 7Advanced Professional Diploma in Management StudiesSubmitted toCourse Tutor/ AssessorMuhammad Atif MajeedSubmitted byKabindra SimkhadaId 201093London College of Business Information TechnologyContentsNet present Value 1Pay Back plosive consonant 1 privileged Rate of Re turn 1Post ending Audit 1Methods of finance available for company A 2 circulate draw 3Advantage of Scatter Diagram 4Disadvantage of Scatter Diagram 4Appendix 5Forecasting total costNet present valueBoth incoming and outgoing of a time series of cash melt downs is defined as the sum of the present determine of the initial investment. The NPV is similar to PV of future cash flows minus the purchase price. This is a central tool for discounted cash flow analysis and is a standard mode for using the time value of money to appraise long term project. It is used for capital budgeting, economics, finance and accounting. It measures the excess or shortfall of cash flows.The net present value of the company A is $76,990. this means in an initial investment of $260,000 in a project for 5 years of period the profit gain in the project is $76,990.Pay Back PeriodIn capital budgeting refers to the period of time required for the return on an investment to repay the sum of the original invest ment is payback period. The time value of money is not taken in account. It measures how long something takes to pay for itself. This term is also widely used in other types of investment areas, often with respect to energy efficiency technologies, maintenance, upgrades, or other change. Payback period is a tool of analysis is often used because it is easy to apply and easy to understand for mist individuals. It is useful for comparing similar investment.According to the project A we earn or get back our initial investment in 3 years 6 month of period and after that period all the money gained is profit.Internal Rate of Return (IRR)It is also called discount cash flow rate of return or simply the rate of return. The internal rate of return on an investment or project is the annualized effective compounded return rate of discount rate that makes the net present value of all cash flow form a particular investment equal to zero. It is commonly used to evaluate the desirability of inve stment or projects. The higher a projects IRR the more loveable it is to undertake the project. Assuming all other factors are equal among the various projects, the project with the higher IRR would probably be considered the best and undertaken first.At the discount rate of 7.10% the NPV of project is equal to 0.Post Completion AuditPost completion audit is a key example of an internal audit. In this process expert details are discussed briefly. The purpose of post-auditing is to examine how well or badly a project has performed after it has been implemented. This process may be taken at any stage after a project has been started and need not wait until after the project has been completed. It is important for the project to perform post completion audit. succeeding(a) are the benefit of post completion audit.Improved quality of decision making after feedback and suggesting changes that need to be made to the process of decision makingImproved realism of project appraisals this is to attempt to prevent biasing upward of cash flow in proposals.Identification of key variables This after the event knowledge can help to identify what the actual key variables were compared with the ones that were thought to be the case before implementationMore frequent project termination although firms are often unwilling to stop unsuccessfully projects, it may be the logical thing to do. Performing post audit actually gives the information to make that decision.Following things are checked in post completion audit.Check whether the required quality has been achieved.The efficiency of the solution during operation compared with the agreed performance and standards.The actual cost of the project compared with the budgeted expenditure and the reasons for over or under expenditure identifiedThe time taken to develop the solution compared with the targeted date for completion and reasons for a sectionalization identifiedThe effectiveness of any problems encountered and the effec tiveness of the solutions generated to deal with them.If the project objectives have been stated in terms of learning outcomes, the extent to which these have been achieved would also be investigated. The audit would lead to the production of a report to the management, structured around the above points.Post completion is one of the important part of the project with the help of which we can verify whether the project meet the requirements, whether the project is completed or not. This is the basic requirements of the project now a days.Methods of finance available for company APublic limited Company is the company which gives services to the man. This company is non profitable organisation whose goal is to provide better and efficient services to the customer or public. A plc is a company that is able to offer its shares to the public which means it share its profit and public also take part or public are also the owner of the company. For long term sustain of the company finance are those that are needed over a longer period of time generally over a year. This company should give services to the public for long time. The methods of finance available for this company are as followsShares Shares relate to companies set up as plc. If a company want to expand the business then they can sell shares to the general public. This means any one can buy the shares in the business.Venture capital Venture capital is becoming an increasingly source of finance for growing companies. Venture capitals are on the lookout for companies with potential. They are prepared to offer capital to help the business grow. In return the venture capital gets some say in the runnel of the company as well as a share in the profit made.Bank loan as with short term finance, banks are an important source of longer term finance. Banks may lend sums over long period of time possibly up to 25 years or even more in some cases. The loans have a rate of interest attached to them. Using bank lo an might be relatively easy but the cost of servicing the loan can be high. If interest rates rise then it can add to a business costs and this has to be taken into account in the planning stage before the loan is taken out.Government grant some of the company get capital from the government. This could be medical sector, security sector etc which get its most of the funds from the government.Retained profitOwners Capital some people are in a fortunate position of having some money which they can use to help set up their business. The money may be the result of savings, money left to them by a relative in a will or money received as the result of a redundancy payment. This is not enough sums to finance the business fully but will be one of the contributions to the overall finance of the business.Selling assets By selling the assets like property, machine, equipment, other companies or even logos. In some cases it may be appropriate for a business to sell off some of these assets to finance other projects.Lottery musical accompaniment in UK the National Lottery might be a possible source of funds for some types of business. These businesses will mostly be charities or charitable trusts. The company that are not for profit business so any surplus they make is put back into the business to help develop and improve it.Scatter diagramA scatter diagram or scatter graph is a type of mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to show values for two variable for a set of data. The data is displayed as a collection of points, each having the value of on variable determining the position on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable determining the vertical axis. This kind of graph is called scatter diagram.This diagram mostly used for the experimental purpose. Different data collected from the experiment is plotted in the graph. If data exist that is systematically incremented or decremented by other, it is called the control parameter or in o pen variable and is customarily plotted along the horizontal axis. The measured or dependent variable is customarily plotted along the vertical axis. If no dependent variable exists, either type of variable can be plotted on both axis and a scatter plot will expound only the degree of correlation between tow variables.A scatter plot can suggest various kinds of correlation between variables with a certain confidence interval. Correlations may be positive, negative, of null. If the pattern of venereal diseases slopes form lover left to upper right, it suggests a positive correlation between the variables being studied. If the pattern of dot slopes form lower left to upper right. It suggests a negative correlation. A line of best fit can be drawn in order to study the correlation between the variable. An equation for the correlation between the variable can be determined by established best fit procedures. For a linear correlation, the best fit procedure is known as linear regressio n and is guaranteed to generate a correct solution for arbitrary relationships.The scatter diagram is one of the basic tools of quality control.Benefits of scatter plot are as followsThe diagram shows the relationship between two variables where one variable is drawn at horizontal axis and other is plotted at vertical axis.This scatter plot is best method to illustrate the non linear pattern.This is the best method used for finding results in experiment.Disadvantages of scatter plotIt is difficult to find exact value of the variables.To get the exact value we need more experimental values because of which this method is time consuming.It is difficult to get accurate result from more scattered data.

Factors that lead to employee motivation

Factors that tout ensemble overstep to employee motivationEmployees be considered as one of the most valuable asset of an organization and they contribute to non-homogeneous activities of an organization. There is a need in every organizational to cause their employees in order to render organizational commitment of the employees and if an employee is committed toward to an organization than at that place go away be strong desire in an employee to fit toward s the goals of an organization and to re primary(prenominal) in the organization which testament in turn lead to success of the organization.The purpose of this investigate is to examine and evaluate the chemical element ins which motivate the employees.One curtilage for choosing this topic is that it is an important fact that employees spend a lot of time at work for almost 40 geezerhood of their lives therefore it is important that employees should be squelched with their phone line and the working environment .Apart from this topic being so interesting and important, there are different theories than can be employ to look at motivation from different angles.Reasons for choosing PepsiPepsi co has a work oriented approach with highly skilled and knowledgeable employees. Pepsi is a world leader in producing beverages and other consumer product. PepsiCo in Pakistan produces pecuniary rewards for its investors and set up growth opportunities to its employees. The aim of the circumspection of PepsiCo is to build a work force that is motivated and associated with the objectives of the organization.At PepsiCo both financial and non financial practices are undertaken to motivate the employees.My research provide focus on the non financial practices for motivation.Project Objectives and research questionsThe objective of this research is to understand the grammatical constituents that motivate employees. Employees non only if focus on financial rewards but also non financial rewards and b enefits which are responsible for motivation among employees. The objective of this report focuses on the impacts of non financial practices on employee motivation. A smaller part of this report pull up stakes focus on the financial factors responsible for motivating employees.The main aim of this research is to identify and analyze the factors that motivate the employess using different theories of motivation. Both primary and secondary sources go forth be used to identify these factors. Primary research impart give more detailed and in understanding analysis.The main primary question will beAre PepsiCo employees motivated?What factors lead to employee motivation?How can PepsiCo improve motivation of its employees?The answers to the above three questions will help in identifying and analyzing the areas of strengths and weakness in overall motivation work on at PepsiCo. At the end recommendation will be given that how Pepsi can improve and work on their areas of weakness. boile rs suit research approachTo begin with the research first of all I will analyze whether the employees at PepsiCo are motivated or not. I will use results obtained from primary research and secondary sources to do the overall analysis of motivation.Once I deem found that employees at PepsiCo are motivated or not I will identify and analyze the factors that are responsible for motivating employees or responsible for their dis joy. The factors that I will use will be based on the theories of motivation I will be using. There is at least one question in the primary research questionnaire for distributively factor. The questionnaire will ask the participating employees to put in order of sizeableness the factors they consider are most important and will motivate them.The theories that I will be using areHerzbergs motivation hygienics theoryVrooms expectancy theoryFrom the information that I will obtain from primary and secondary research I will make recommendations to PepsiCo that on which factors they can improve on and which factors they should not focus on as they do not help in motivating employees. Finally in the conclusion I will discuss the overall effectiveness of the motivation process of employees at PepsiCo.Part 2Sources and methods used for collecting informationThe secondary sources that I am using for my research are websites, books and business magazines, whereas primary research will be conducted through a questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed among different employees working at different positions at PepsiCo. The questionnaire has at least one question relating to the factor considered. The participating employees were asked to put in order of importance the factors that the considered are the most important for their motivation. This help me identifying that where PepsiCo is putting its emphasis and on what factors it is not putting much emphasis.Limitations of your information gatheringEthical phone numbers and how they were resol vedThe main ethical issue concerned was of confidentiality as this report discusses private own(prenominal) information as well as information about PepsiCo which gives PepsiCo completive advantage. To overcome the issue of confidentiality the go offs are kept anonymous and one-on-one results will not be shown.I am a customer of PepsiCo and I am an admirer of it. besides I ensure that my results are not biased in favor of PepsiCo. I made sure that I focused on the factual information for my results.Accounting and/or business techniques and their limitationsMotivation is the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal the reason for the action that which gives purpose and agency to behaviour (Princeton, 2010).There are two types of motivation theories, process theories and content theories. harmonise to content theory man has needs which tend to change over time. Man will be motivated when these needs are satisfied. Therefore the theory ident ifies factors that are needed to be satisfied in order to motivate an individual.Whereas process theories intend that motivation leads to actions which will satisfy an individuals need. contented theory believes thats if needs of an individual are satisfied then he is motivated whereas process theories believe motivation leads to actions that can satisfy needs. There are two types of process theories, expectancy theory and equity theory.According to expectancy theory an individual has to expect that their ability and skill will help them to realized a task which will lead to fulfillment of desired need. Therefore a blood line design is important.Equity theory analyzes the ratio between an individual input and the expected outcome. An individual input includes his effort, his ability, his training etc where as the expected outcome includes the indemnify he is getting, his status etc. An individual is de-motivated when he believes that his input to output ratio is not similar to his coworkers in the companion. For example if one employees earns 200,000 of revenue for the go with in a year and earns an income of 30,000 whereas his coworker who has been at the fraternity for 4 years longer than him earns an income of 40,000 even though he also earns 200,000 of revenue for the company.For my research bear the motivation theories I have chosen is one process and one content theory, which are discussed belowHerzbergs Hygiene Motivation theoryFrederick Herzberg (1966) was a student of accountants and engineers in Pennsylvania and he identified the two-factor theorem for job satisfaction. He noted that the opposite of satisfaction is not, no satisfaction but is dissatisfaction. Therefore the two factors he indentified ere hygiene factors and motivating factors. The hygiene factors are those which remove job dissatisfaction and motivating factors are those which cause job satisfaction.Hygiene factors are the needs which an employer must provide in order to sto p an employees dissatisfaction. Some of the primary hygiene factors are Company policySupervisionWorking conditions alliance with peersSalarySecurityThese factors are all external and will satisfy human physiological needs. Physiological needs include such as food and shelter etcWhereas motivating factors will satisfy a persons psychological needs and are fundamental. The important motivating factors areAchievementRecognitionWork itselfResponsibilityAdvancement andGrowth need factors will not be met until and unless hygiene factors are not met. However if both factors are successful then the employees will be loyal and will be more productive.Now looking at the limitations of the theoryThe first limitation this theory has is that it does not see employees as individuals with different personalities. As all human beings have different needs and different wants therefore it is inappropriate to consider that same factors will motivate everybody.The second limitation with this theory is that it assumes that only motivated employees are productive barely this may not hold true in some cases. Therefore it can be seen that theory does not consider an individuals ability and his skills.Also at time the managers blame that hygiene factors lead to employees dissatisfaction and they tend to ignore the motivating factors, which may be the main reason for an employees de-motivation.Vrooms Expectancy theory of motivation.Vroom presented the following equation for motivationMotivation = Valence x Expectancy (Instrumentality)In this equation Valence tauts the depth of want and expectancy and instrumentality considered the employees perception about his chances of receiving bonus or reward.This theory is based on the employees ability to predict whether he will be able to complete the given task. This ability to predict can be low for tasks which are complex and in such cases the theory will be considered ineffective.Part 3 Results, analysis conclusions and recommendationsA re employees at PepsiCo motivated?Interest in taskAccording to the content theories, when an individual is attracted in what they are doing it motivates them to complete the task. According to Herzberg this is an essential factor and therefore is a need to develop this factor in the employees. Therefore it is important to understand that if the need for interest of the employees is satisfied than they will be motivated to work and discharge the task successfully. Process theorists also jibe that interest fact is important for motivation bur however according to them, individuals are motivated because they believe that they will get the desired reward. According to Vroom if an individual is interested in their wok and are satisfied with their job then they will believe that they will succeed and they are motivated to work for their success.Hence Interest in task by the employee is an important factor and PepsiCo should give time to it.Graph expAs in the questionnaire question 1 and 2 are about the factor interest in task. The results shows that employees at PepsiCo believe that their work task gives them personal satisfaction as they have answered these questions as agree and strongly agree. None of the employees said that they were dissatisfied with their job, however it is seen from the survey that satisfaction level of some employees need to be improved therefore there is a room for improvement for PepsiCo.Also on the important list of the survey this factor varies from levels 1 to 9, which shows that how different employees view this factors importance. This shows that the result match with Vrooms theory because the employees feel that interest in task does not have a verificatory relation with skills and ability and the results does not correlate with Herbergs theory which believes that interest in task is a motivator.RecognitionRecognition means that you are acknowledged by the other because of your commodity performance in a task. According to Herzb erg recognition is an important intrinsic motivating factor because it gives an employee the feeling of self worth and an employee feels good about himself.If an employee feels good about him and is confident then he will be motivated as well. According to Vroom recognition makes an employee motivated to do the work again as he knows that it will lead to success. Process Theorist believe on larger rewards such as financial bonuses where as Herzbergs theory prefers smaller rewards and frequents recognitions for making one feel good about himself.GraphWorking environmentAccording to Herzberg working environment is a hygiene factor that is required to keep away dissatisfaction but it is not a motivator itself. According to Process theories a factor is only motivating if it helps individuals in achieving a specific goal. According to Vroom a working environment is a motivator as it is required to perform a task. This factors shows that how both theories have different conclusions about it.Graph n definition4. Relationship with peersAccording to Herzberg relationships are not needed by individuals as they are an external factor. Content theories don not encourage companies to spend their resources on building relationships among peers. According to Vroom the need for relationship among peers is important depends on whether it is an important factor in achieving success. According to the equity theory motivation depends how individuals sees themselves by comparing himself with the others in the same organization.Graph n explanationRelationship with seniorThe use of the theories for this factor is alike to the conclusion drawn in the above factor relationships with peers but process theorist would see this factor as a motivating factor because it is important to build relationship with seniors and gain their respect in order to get promotion.Graph n explanationReasonable expectations from the organizationReasonable expectations mean that a just quantity of work is g iven by the manager. According to Herzberg this factor is a hygiene factor and not a motivator because monstrous expectations from the manager will lead to dissatisfaction even if other motivating factors are also present. According to Vroom this is a motivating factor because if they expectations are well-founded the employee will believe that he will be able to succeed and hence will be motivated to perform the task.Graph n explanationCareer advancementAccording to Herzberg career advancement is a motivating factor because it indicates personal growth and the employee who is given growth opportunities and promotions will be motivated to work. According to process theorists career advancement is a motivating factor as long as the individual feels that it is realistic and the expectations for promotion are high. According to Vroom career advancement is a motivating factor as this will lead to employees ability to succeed.Graph n explanationCompany vaingloryGraph n explanation9. M onetary rewardsGraph n explanation10. Job SecurityGraph n explanationSample questionnaireGender phallicFemaleAgeLength of time working at the companyLess than 1 year1-3 years4-6 years7-10 yearsMore than10 yearsDepartmentThe numbers indicate the following1 Strongly differ2 -differ3 Neutral4 -agree5 Strongly agreeMy work is interesting.1 2 3 4 5 .Strongly disagree disagree objective agree strongly agreeDoing my job fine gives me personal satisfaction.1 2 3 4 5 .Strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly agreeMy manager gives me recognition when I do an excellent job.1 2 3 4 5 .Strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly agreeThe company has reasonable expectations from its employees.1 2 3 4 5 .Strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly agreeI am satisfied with the working environment1 2 3 4 5 .Strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly agreeThere is a feeling of teamwork in the company.1 2 3 4 5 .Strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly agreeTh e people I work with improve my job satisfaction1 2 3 4 5 .Strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly agreeI respect my manager as a capable professional.1 2 3 4 5 .Strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly agreeMy manager treats me with respect.1 2 3 4 5 .Strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly agreeI have satisfactory opportunities for professional growth in this company.1 2 3 4 5 .Strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly agreeI am satisfied with the level of training1 2 3 4 5 .Strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly agreeI am rewarded for the work I perform1 2 3 4 5 .Strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly agreeI would leave the company if I was offered better salary at another company1 2 3 4 5 .Strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly agreeI feel my job is secure1 2 3 4 5 .Strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly agreeI expect to leave the company within the next 12 months1 2 3 4 5 .Strongly disagree disagre e neutral agree strongly agreeI am proud to work for the company.1 2 3 4 5 .Strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly agreeOverall, I am very satisfied with my job at the company.1 2 3 4 5 .Strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly agreePut the following in order of importance to you regarding your satisfaction (number 1 most important, 9 Least important, next to each item)Interest in jobRecognitionWorking conditionsRelationship with peersRelationship with seniorsReasonable expectations from my managerCareer progressionMonetary rewardsJob SecurityOther Please state

Effectiveness Impact of Journal Clubs in Medicine

Effectiveness Impact of Journal Clubs in class plosive speech sound of medicineAbstractBackground Journal clubs emerging goals atomic get along 18 now considered to be breeding critical estimate skills and learning how to use evidence based treat in practice. Although daybook clubs are well accredited, designing the right format to hold in members stimulated and educated remains a great challenge.Methods We conducted ledger club coordinate modifications in natural medicine residence program of a university interact hospital. Initially group-based sessions identified feasible changes and baseline data concerning residents knowledge of evidence based medicine (EBM) was collected by a questionnaire. Modifications implemented and a blink of an eye set of group discussions and data collection took place after 12 months.Results Total number of 78 residents participated. The most important identified changes were schedule adjustments and stage setting naked goals regardin g EBM, medical statistics and critical appraisal tenet. Group discussion showed outgrowthd satisfaction and questionnaire assessments showed significant improvement in residents knowledge of EBM.Conclusions Redesigning ledger clubs with emphasis on regularity and setting new horizons basically improves their effectiveness. Assigning entire sessions to augment participants skills in new areas of knowledge is a unique way to fit diary clubs as a novel and innovative teaching practice.Practice PointsJournal clubs are connecting bridges between knowledge and practice.Journal clubs have gradually evolved to be a teaching tool in modern medicine.Considering growing popularity of evidence based medicine, journal clubs can be a way to introduce this see into cultureal programs.Redesigning old journal club structure is somehow necessary to better keep up with growing knowledge of medicine.Furnishing journal clubs with innovative methods world power be a reasonable way of reform.Introd uctionThe earliest reference to the origin of the phrase journal club is in memoirs and letters of Sir James Paget, describing a small room near St. Bartholomews Hospital in London in the period 1835-1854 in which pupils met and read journals (Paget 1901). More than a century has passed since Sir William Osler started the first save journal club in North America in 1875 as a way of sharing periodicals he could not afford individually and by and by established a club at Johns Hopkins University to review the latest medical research (Alguire 1998 Sleeman 1990). Todays journal clubs have evolved a great plug and are found in nearly every medical school and residency training program in almost all fields of medicine (Valentini Daniels 1997 Sidorov 1995 Green 1999).Traditionally journal clubs are educational run intos in which a group of individuals meet to discuss and critically evaluate the current articles in the scientific literature (Mcleod et al. 2010 SVN Research Committee 20 09). The major aim of journal clubs was to keep their attendees up to date with the latest medical literature (Valentini Daniels 1997 Forsen 2003 Goodfellow 2004). Gradually they have mystify a means for teaching critical appraisal skills, improving biostatistical knowledge, getting familiar with epidemiologic methods and most recently promoting the practice of Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) (Valentini Daniels 1997 SVN Research Committee 2009 Woods Winkel 1982).Critical appraisal skills and basing clinical decisions on the best published evidence available (i.e. EBM) have become an important look in clinical medicine and are part of core general competencies required by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) in all residency programs (ACGME 2009 Yew Reid 2008 Carpenter et al. 2010). In the ensuing years, EBM has enjoyed widespread popularity. Todays journal clubs are effectively assisting practiti angiotensin-converting enzymers translate knowledge int o practice and serve as an brilliant bridge between research and clinical work.While journal club has been a mainstay in postgraduate medical education for some(prenominal) years, some(prenominal) authors have pointed out the diversity of its format (Alguire 1998 Sidorov 1995 Ebbert et al. 2001). The desirability of journal clubs in internal medicine has been reinforced by accreditation requirements that mandate residents participation in journal clubs. Although the goals and purposes of journal clubs are well established, selecting the right format and setting to keep members stimulated and educated remains a great challenge (Kelly Cronin 2010 Hartzell et al. 2009).With the growing taste perception of evidence based medicine (EBM) and its widespread application in clinical decision making, we thought of revising and implementing possible modifications in our journal club structure to improve quality of sessions and weigh their effects on our journal club program.MethodsWe cond ucted revision program into our journal club structure involving internal medicine residents attendance the internal medicine residency program in a teaching university affiliated hospital.The modification process consisted of several steps. First we conducted group-based discussion sessions with participation of 2 clinical experts, two research experts, the program manager and chief resident. Group discussion primarily consisted of brain storming, reviewing similar works and their outcomes and sharing experiences. Five such meetings were held with main purpose of gauging current program features and identifying possible essential changes required to improve the program. Findings of these sessions so were shared with residents delegates, 2 residents from each year, with three discipline sessions. Identified feasible modifications were finally determined out of group-based discussions and implemented to make a new journal club structure.The group-based discussion took place for the second time, 12 months after executing alterations. Group participants were the same. This time the group assessed different aspects of changes made including residents attendance, residents satisfaction and the content of new sessions.Furthermore we measured the residents existing knowledge of EBM by a self- radicaled questionnaire, designed and internally validated by the discussion group. The questionnaire consisted of three questions to assess three fields residents knowledge of statistical significance, their acquaintance with evidence evaluation and their familiarity with consider design. Possible answers were as No familiarity, Fair familiarity, Good familiarity and Excellent familiarity.In order to alleviate supercharge comparison, the first two answers were classified as cluster 1 (limited knowledge) and the two remaining answers as cluster 2 (acceptable knowledge) therefore making comparison between two clusters. Each resident was disposed the questionnaire befor e applying changes and again 12 months after running the new program. Residents responses were withal discussed in the second set of group discussion.The results were collected anonymously and data was then imported to Excel software (2010, Microsoft) for examination. We specified the distribution of answers in each cluster before and after modifications and calculated the absolute difference between them exploitation descriptive statistics.ResultsSeventy-eight internal medicine residents (43 Female, 35 Male) were included into the survey. An almost even participation was observed among residents from all years of internal medicine training. Results of this study can be divided into two variants before applying changes and after implementing modifications.Phase IFounded on the primary group-based discussions, the acknowledged key points for developing our new journal club structure encompassed program and schedule modification, adding motives, defining new goals, content revision and implementing feedback mechanisms from which, content revision was considered the most critical one. The main aspects of modifications made are explained in details.Our new schedule was designed as weekly sessions on Thursdays (the day before weekend in our country). We planned the sessions to be held from 7 to 8 in the morning (Breakfast time) and on the day with minimal educational and clinical workload to assure maximal attendance. To ensure the regularity and predictability of our program, we already scheduled the sessions for the undermentioned entire year. Holidays, exam days and residents rotations were carefully noticed in planning the journal club calendar and the presenter for each session was specified at the beginning of the educational year.Furthermore we changed the place to a bigger room with better facilities. Also we decided to provide a mini breakfast meal during all sessions as a potential incentive that can increase participants interest.Defining new object ives was also emphasized by group members. Therefore, we set our new goals not only to keep updated with medical literature and review the current literature, but also to introduce medical statistics to residents, encourage arguments and develop critical appraisal skills and understanding EBM. We changed the composition of our journal club participants to include relevant attending physicians, medical statisticians and experts in EBM and critical thinking as well as internal medicine residents from all levels.In order to achieve the broad goal spectrum, our reformed program consisted of two different types of sessions. Three sessions of each month were use to presenting review articles and discussion about the main topic (analogous with former program). The last week of the month was devoted to evidence based journal clubs in which an authoritative article was presented to the audience and 2 to 3 relevant articles or guidelines were also considered. The main counselling of these sessions was to discuss the methodology and to point out statistical points through which critical appraisal skills were practiced and evaluation of the quality and validity of the results taught.Both types of sessions were moderated by an attending physician with experience in medical research and education background. Review article journal clubs were presented by a second year internal medicine resident employing slideshows hence each resident was provided the opportunity to clear from this chance at least twice a year. Evidence based journal clubs were presented by higher-ranking residents familiar with medical research and statistics and with acceptable teaching skills. These sessions were supervised by a team (at least 2 persons) of expert physicians in EBM and critical thinking skill.A support committee consisting of two senior internal medicine residents, journal club moderator and an EBM expert was formed for evaluating and choosing articles for presentation. The responsi ble resident had to provide up to 5 papers to the committee, who would then return one or two of them for presentation. The major selection criteria were relevancy and novelty of the topic and being in accordance with the interests of the participants. The other thing considered especially for articles to be presented in EBM sessions was being somehow controversial regarding the methodology or conclusion.At the end of each session a brief explanation was provided including critical points and a conclusion. For EBM sessions the effectualness and limitations of the article were also emphasized, inspiring the participants to involve in this process valuable in didactic endeavors. The conclusion of each session was then uploaded in the plane sectional forum of residents and interns for more discussion. Sometimes, a practical question was also provided in order to ascertain that residents have got the point correctly.Phase IISecond phase results are described after 12 months of runnin g the new program. Group-based discussion findings for new schedule clearly showed increased attendance and residents were more satisfied with the unflinching and pre-defined sessions. Nonetheless we noticed that providing food was not of residents concerns.Definition of new objectives for journal club sessions persuaded residents to participate more. Experts in the group-based discussions were also satisfied with the new content of sessions and periodical devoting an entire session to EBM and teaching statistical points and critical thinking.Regarding questionnaire assessment, final results showed that in the field of evidence rating knowledge, the number of residents in cluster 1 reduced from 51 to 17 and accordingly the number of residents in cluster 2 increased from 27 to 61 (43.6% absolute change regarding the total number of participants PSimilarly, before-after comparison for the field of statistical significance acquaintance revealed the absolute change to be 23.1% i.e. th e residents acquaintance with concept of statistical significance was noticeably augmented, ever-changing from limited knowledge to acceptable knowledge, in 18 residents (PDiscussionOur conventional journal club structure first started in internal medicine department of Shariati hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences in year 2007. Since then it was running in a small room and on a weekly basis with focus on review article presentation only. Participants were mainly residents, internal medicine interns and medical students and presenters of sessions were selected from first year residents.There are considerable studies describing journal clubs conducted in different settings and for different health providers yet there appear to be no Gold Standard approach for conducting a journal club or assessing its effectiveness. It is therefore an ongoing challenge in designing effective journal club format that assists the participants to translate journal club activities into evidenc e based practice (Deenadayalan et al. 2008). As residency programs deal with work hour restrictions and implement expertness educations (Hatala et al. 2006 Goroll et al. 2004), they need to undergo intense reassessment and possible remodeling to determine if they are meeting their goals.Our questionnaire survey showed that our reformed program made significant change in residents knowledge and the number of residents significantly shifted from low knowledge to acceptable knowledge.We postulated that holding journal clubs on a regular basis is necessary to achieve continuous educational progress and gradually obtain the desired improvement in residents competency which is in accordance to most previous studies (Deenadayalan et al. 2008 ). Regularity of sessions basically show the importance of this type of learning, as a new method of education is being introduced to the learners (residents). On the other hand, disorderliness might suggest that the program is not so useful and coord inators are not sure of its value, which in turn provide dissuade participants from joining and following the schedule.Pre-defining the whole schedule would be a great way in achieving this goal. Although fixed schedule might seems impractical for many institutes but authors assumed that accurately considering some fine points such as work hours prerequisites before scheduling the program may be helpful. In addition, this would assist participants to adjust their time and for presenter to know their schedule and being prepared for that.Regarding best frequency, according to most of studies reporting this, it seems that monthly period is endorsed (Letterie Morgenstern 2000 Burstein et al. 1996). Our reformed structure had a weekly basis, though our new EBM sessions were held monthly, not to shrink residents enthusiasm for participating in these educational gatherings.Some studies have shown that quantify of journal clubs might be of importance considering attendance, especially wh en they were coincided with meal times (Bazarian et al. 1999 Langkamp et al. 1992). While they advised provision of food as a way to increase attendance, our group-based discussions and residents feedbacks did not show such relation. This might be due to .Authors believed that forward movement without adding new goals and/or lacking enough motivation would not be successful in improving participants competency. Increasing knowledge of medical statistics and understanding EBM were the primary new objectives of our program which is demonstrated to be well achieved regarding our survey.Participants of journal clubs must be in accordance to the aims and contents of the program. Similar to Hartzell (2009), authors think that inviting attending physicians and involving senior residents may contribute to fulfillment of journal club objectives. This composition would facilitate the arguments and give space for better discussion and reaching a practical point. Assigning an entire separate s ession to introduction of this new area would also be of great benefit, since innovative thinking and learning new skills necessitates more time.New educational goals for residency programs now include conduction of problem orient sessions, evidence based journal clubs and also experiencing critical appraisal. Considering that almost all of medical education programs have introduced journal clubs as a routine in their curricula, we thought of it as a useful tool to familiarize our residents with better interpreting medical literature, critical thinking and evidence based medicine. This approach has been back up by previous researches (Hatala et al. 2006 Ghali et al. 2000).Although this survey showed promising results and improvement in residents knowledge and participation, our results are far from perfect. Yet we must increase our efforts to recognize subtle obstacles and further improve effectiveness of journal club.ConclusionIn conclusion, journal clubs are of great value in to days medical education addressing both(prenominal) clinical practice and evidence based learning improvement. Yet there is no gold standard to achieve the best result with this regard. We have enjoyed revolutionizing our conventional structure of journal clubs and furnishing it with novel objectives and construction and noticed significant improvement in attendance and competency of our internal medicine residents.Declaration of interestThe authors report no declarations of interest.

Describing the Business of Farming in O Pioneers! by Willa Silbert Cath

Describing the Business of Farming in O Pioneers by Willa Silbert CatherWilla Sibert Cather was born in Virginia, December 7, 1873. At the age of nine, Cathers family go to Nebraska. Willa fell in love with the country, with the waste prairies of the Nebraska. In her life, Willa worked for different journals and magazines and received m each honorary degrees, even the Pulitzer Prize. Her literary life was extremely influenced by her puerility in the wild country. In her life story, I actually didnt find any trace of doing a business relative to farming, or running a farm on her own. Therefore she doesnt seem to direct practical experience with business of farming. Maybe thats why she describes it in a general way only, without any particulars.The Cathers novel O Pioneers gives us a realistic picture of peoples life at the end of the nineteenth century. The new incomers, who settled the unfriendly countries of American continent, had very(prenominal) hard times. It was necessary fo r them to do whatever they were able to, to earn some money or to gain something to eat. As we can see in Cathers novel, some(prenominal) people were farming. But some of them were not farmers in their country of origin, they vindicatory started farming in the new home. Even though they knew nothing approximately it. Willa Cather describes a history of such people, a Norwegian immigrant family, the Bergsons. The beginnings in the new world were very tough for the Bergson family. And the situation didnt seem to get better. They have met several misfortunes that have held their farming business back. One winter his cattle had perished in a blizzard. The next summer one of his plow horses broke its leg in a prairie-dog hole and had to be shot. Another summer he broken his hogs from cholera, and a valuable stallion died from a rattlesnake bite. Time and again his crops had failed. He had lost two children, boys, that came between Lou and Emil, and there had been the cost of sickness and deathThis is Cathers idea of what John Bergson had to fight against. Its clear, that the whole family felt discouraged and helpless when there was no achievement coming. They saw many people around them selling their land and giving the farming up. They were going to find their fortune somewhere else. After John Bergson died, his sons in addition wanted to give up and change the hard work on the infertile land for some... ...ittle joke. It pretended to be poor because nobody knew how to work it veracious and then, all at once, it worked itself. It woke up out of its sleep and stretched itself, and it was so big, so rich, that we suddenly found we were rich, just from sitting still.I dont know much about farming at the end of the nineteenth century, but I heard something in the school and they have told nothing about becoming rich just from sitting still. This is the romantic point of view of the problem, and thats the Willa Cathers point of view.Actually, there has been som e business behind the success. The fact, that Alexandra was buying more and more low-price land. She was very clever. She knew exactly what to do, to buy the farm rich and struggle no more. She could count the expenses and the profits several years ahead. But she did all this only because some spirit told her to, only because she felt something omnipotent coming out of the land. Did Willa Cather think this is the way that bussiness works? It seems to be her romantic illusion. I dont think Alexandra had sufficient reasons to mortgage a farm and start a big business from nothing with all risks. But she made a bet and won. Lucky girl.

Following Janies Developement in Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay ex

People grow and develop at different rates. The factors that heavily influence a persons growth be heredity and environment. The people you meet and the experiences you have are very important in what makes a person who he/she is. Janie develops as a woman with the three marriages she has. In each marriage she learns precious lessons, has increasingly better relationships, and realizes how a person is to live his/her life. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, by Zora Neale Hurston, Janies marriages to Logan Killicks, Jody Starks, and Tea coat are the most vital elements in her growth as a woman. Janies marriage to Logan Killicks was the first stage in her growth as a woman. She hoped that her compulsory marriage with Logan would end her solitude and desire for love. Right from the beginning, the solitude in the marriage shows up when Janie sees that his house is a lonesome place like a stump in the middle of the woods where nobody had ever been (20). This description of Logans h ouse is symbolic of the relationship they have. Janie eventually admits to Nanny that she still...